Urinalysis (General Urine Test)

• Collect urine in a clean dry container.
• Observe external genital hygiene before collection.

Medications: if possible, avoid taking drugs that may color urine or affect its composition (antibiotics, vitamins, diuretics) 24 hours before the test.

What the test assesses:

• Urine color and clarity — reflect concentration and presence of pathological changes.
• Urine volume — assesses diuresis and kidney function.
• Urine pH — urine acidity.
• Specific gravity — kidney concentrating ability.
• Protein — kidney damage indicator.
• Glucose — detecting metabolic disorders.
• Ketone bodies — detecting metabolic changes.
• Bilirubin — assessing liver and bile duct function.
• Erythrocytes and leukocytes — detecting inflammatory processes and bleeding.
• Epithelial cells — urinary tract status.
• Mucus — presence of inflammatory process.
• Bacteria and fungi — detecting infections.
• Casts — assessing renal tubule status.
• Salts and crystals — detecting metabolic disorders and stone-forming tendency.

• Normal: corresponds to clear, light-yellow urine, absence of pathological components.
• Abnormalities: presence of protein, glucose, blood, bacteria, or casts indicates kidney function disorders, infections, or metabolic disturbances.